Handcuffed Hands Silhouette, Photo by form PxHere. CC0 Public Domain
13th Amendment Page: - (2021). Retrieved 11 December 2021, from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/minimum-wage/state - (2021). Retrieved 11 December 2021, from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/minimum-wage/state - Davis, Angela Y. 2012. “The Meaning of Freedom.” In The Meaning of Freedom, 135-151. San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books. - Interpretation: The Thirteenth Amendment | The National Constitution Center. (2021). Retrieved 13 December 2021, from https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/interpretation/amendment-xiii/interps/137
United States and South Africa Overview Page: - Berlin, Isaiah. 1998. “Two Concepts of Liberty” The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays, edited by Henry Hardy and Roger Hausheer, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Original edition, 1958. - Davis, Angela Y. 2012. “The Meaning of Freedom.” In The Meaning of Freedom, 135-151. San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books. - Duchess Harris, and Kate Conley. The US Prison System and Prison Life. Essential Library, 2020. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip&db=nlebk&AN=2108786&site=ehost-live&scope=site. - Federal Justice Statistics, 2019 - Bjs.ojp.gov. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2021, from https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/fjs19.pdf. - Manuel, Ian. My Time Will Come: A Memoir of Crime, Punishment, Hope, and Redemption. Pantheon, 2021. - Patterson, Orlando. 1991. “Preface,” “Introduction,” and “Coda.” In Freedom in the Making of Western Culture, ix-xvi, 1-5, and 402-406. New York, N.Y. - Prisonstudies.org: World Prison Brief: An online database comprising information on prisons and the use of imprisonment around the World Online. Visit Prisonstudies.org - World Prison Brief | an online database comprising information on prisons and th.... (1969, December 18). Retrieved November 5, 2021, from https://links.giveawayoftheday.com/prisonstudies.org. - Roberts, Neil. 2015. Part I and Excerpt from “Introduction.” In Freedom as Marronage, 1-8.
United States: Slavery to Imprisonment Page: - Berlin, Isaiah. 1998. “Two Concepts of Liberty” The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays, edited by Henry Hardy and Roger Hausheer, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Original edition, 1958. - Manuel, Ian. My Time Will Come: A Memoir of Crime, Punishment, Hope, and Redemption. Pantheon, 2021.
History of the Prison System in the United States Page: - Federal Bureau of Prisons. (n.d.). An Overview of the First Step Act. BOP. Retrieved from https://www.bop.gov/inmates/fsa/overview.jsp. - Federal Bureau of Prisons. (n.d.). Historical Information. BOP. Retrieved from https://www.bop.gov/about/history/timeline.jsp. - Franklin, H. Bruce. "The American Prison and the Normalization of Torture." - Wagner, P., & Sawyer, W. (2020, March 24). Mass incarceration: The whole pie 2020. Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020 | Prison Policy Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2020.html.
Forced Labor Page: Forced Labor: - Prison Labor and Modern Slavery. FreedomUnited.org. (2021, September 30). Retrieved from https://www.freedomunited.org/prison-labor-and-modern-slavery/?gclid=CjwKCAiAhreNBhAYEiwAFGGKPHkljSyQvcvjc15oardbqa7t6n777QPjpKB8NTltMGmno67KLkdDpxoCemgQAvD_Bw - E. Wu, C., & Brady, P. (2020, August 5). Private Companies Producing with US Prison Labor in 2020: Prison Labor in the US, Part II. Corporate Accountability Lab. Retrieved from https://corpaccountabilitylab.org/calblog/2020/8/5/private-companies-producing-with-us-prison-labor-in-2020-prison-labor-in-the-us-part-ii.
Convict Leasing: - Digital History. (n.d.). Convict Lease System. Digital History. Retrieved from https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3179. The Editors of Encyclopæedia - - Britannica. (n.d.). Black code. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/black-code. Sweet, J. (2020, November 5). - History of the US prison system. Stacker. Retrieved from https://stacker.com/stories/4894/history-us-prison-system. Terrell, E. (2021, June 17). - The Convict Leasing System: Slavery in its Worst Aspects. The Convict Leasing System: Slavery in its Worst Aspects | Inside Adams: Science, Technology & Business. Retrieved from https://blogs.loc.gov/inside_adams/2021/06/convict-leasing-system/.
Chain Gangs: - Ireland, R. E. (2006, January 1). Chain Gang. NCpedia. Retrieved from https://www.ncpedia.org/chain-gang. Public Broadcasting Service. (n.d.). - Chain Gangs. PBS. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/chain-gangs/.
Angola Rodeo: - Angola Prison Rodeo. The Angola Museum at the Louisiana State Penitentiary. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.angolamuseum.org/rodeo. Craig, J. (2020, February 6). - An Introduction to Prison Labor. Just and Fair. Retrieved from https://sites.psu.edu/justandfair/2020/02/06/an-introduction-to-prison-labor/.
War on Drugs Page: - Perry, M. J. (2019, June 17). The shocking story behind Nixon’s declaration of a ‘War on Drugs' on this day in 1971 that targeted blacks and anti-war activists. AEIdeas. Retrieved from https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/the-shocking-story-behind-nixons-declaration-of-a-war-on-drugs-on-this-day-in-1971-that-targeted-blacks-and-anti-war-activists-3/. - Taifa, N. (2021, May 10). Race, Mass Incarceration, and the Disastrous War on Drugs. Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved from https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/race-mass-incarceration-and-disastrous-war-drugs.
South Africa: Slavery Page: - Mutingh, Lukas. “(PDF) The State of South Africa's Prisons - Ten Years after the Jali Commission.” ResearchGate, South African Crime Quarterly , Dec. 2016, www.researchgate.net/publication/311779709_The_state_of_South_Africa's_prisons_-_ten_years_after_the_Jali_Commission. - A history of prison labour in South Africa. South African History Online. (n.d.). Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-prison-labour-south-africa
- Photo: Pollsmoor prison conditions. Photo Via https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/pollsmoor-most-overcrowded-prison-in-the-western-cape-34658222. Accessed December 9, 2021.
Angela Davis Page - New York Historical Society Museum & Library . (2021, June 25). Life story: Angela Davis. Women & the American Story. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://wams.nyhistory.org/growth-and-turmoil/feminism-and-the-backlash/angela-davis/ - Davis, Angela Y. 2012. “The Meaning of Freedom.” In The Meaning of Freedom, 135-151. San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books. - Angela Davis Wanted Poster. Photo Via https://caamuseum.org/learn/600state/black-history/blackistory-on-june-4-1972-angela-yvonne-davis-is-acquitted-of-conspiracy-kidnapping-and-murder-in-the-death-of-marin-county-judge-harold-haley. Accessed December 14, 2021 - Angela Davis's The Meaning of Freedom. Photo Via https://www.akpress.org/themeaningoffreedom.html. Accessed December 14, 2021.